Asia-West Divide on Iran: Geopolitics and the Future of Sanctions Enforcement
The mechanism of snapback was initiated by France, Germany and the United Kingdom collectively under the UN Security Council resolution 2231. This action reinstates all United Nations sanctions suspended under the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), on grounds of Iran’s material breach of its nuclear commitments. The ruling by the E3 is after […]
France’s nuclear legacy: Reckoning with environmental and human devastation
France joined the nuclear club in 1960 when Gerboise Bleue was detonated in the Algerian Sahara as France entered the nuclear era with a vision that was founded on sovereignty and strategic deterrence. The incident ushered in a 30-plus-year nuclear testing program that resulted in a mixed record of environmental and human devastation. France conducted […]
France and Germany’s air defense boost: Strengthening Ukraine’s shield amid crisis
France and Germany committed together in late August 2025 to increased air defense assistance to Ukraine following a stinging rise in Russian drone and missile attacks. A recent kill-and-dozen attack on Kyiv resulted in the deaths of at least 23 civilians and dozens more injured, raising the urgency of Ukraine in seeking high-tech defense capabilities […]
